Biotechnology Education, Organizations, and Industry

Biotechnology in Massachusetts

EDUCATION

Bay Path College
588 Longmeadow Street
Longmeadow, MA 01106
413-565-1000

Boston University School of Medicine
Biotechnology Program
715 Albany Street, S-410
Boston, MA 02118
617-638-5622
(f): 617-638-5621

Bristol Community College
Biotechnology Program
777 Elsbree St
Fall River, MA 02720
508-678-2811

Bunker Hill Community College
250 New Rutherford Ave
Boston, MA 02129-2925
617-228-3446

Cambridge Biomedical Careers Program
142 Cambridge Street
Charlestown MA 02129
617-242-0562

CityLab (Boston University School of Medicine)
715 Albany Street, S-410
Boston, MA 02118
617-638-5622
(f): 617-638-5621

Holyoke Community College
Biotechnology Program
303 Homestead Avenue
Holyoke, MA 01040
413-552-2398

Just-A-Start, Inc
142 Cambridge Street
Charleston, MA 02129
617-242-0562

Mass Bay Community College
Biotechnology Program
50 Oakland Street
Wellesley Hills, MA 02181
781-239-2232
(f): 781-416-1319

Middlesex Community College
Biotechnology Program
Springs Road
Bedford, MA 01730
978-656-3092

Minuteman Regional High School
Biotechnology Career Academy
758 Marrett Road
Lexington MA 02421-7313
781-861-6500 x694

Mount Wachusetts Community College
444 Green Street
Gardner, MA 01440
978-630-9241

Northeastern University
Bioinformatics Masters Program
Biotechnology Degree Program
University College
360 Huntington Avenue
Boston, MA 02115
617-373-2400

North Shore Community College
1 Ferncroft Road
Danvers, MA 01923
978-762-4000 x4320

Quinsigamond Community College
Biotechnology Program
670 Boylston Street, Box 7
Worcester, MA 01606
508-854-4311

Rindge School of Technical Arts
Cambridge Rindge & Latin School
c/o RSTA
459 Broadway
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-349-6752

Roxbury Community College
1234 Columbus Avenue
Roxbury Crossing, Ma 02120
617-427-0060 x5317

Springfield Technical Community College
One Armory Square
Springfield, MA 01105
413-755-5254

University of Massachusetts Lowell
1 University Ave
Lowell, MA 01854
978-934-3627

Worcester Polytechnic Institute
100 Institute Road
Worcester, MA 01609-2280
508-831-5286

Worcester State College
486 Chandler Street
Worcester, MA 01602
508-929-8000

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ORGANIZATIONS

Bioinformatics Organization, Inc
MBIdeas Innovation Center
Worcester, MA
The Bioinformatics Organization, Inc. (Bioinformatics.Org) was founded to facilitate world-wide communications and collaborations between practicing and neophyte bioinformatic scientists and technicians.

Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives
25 Winthrop St
West Entrance
Worcester, MA 01604
508-797-4200
(f): 508-799-4039

Massachusetts Biotechnology Council
One Cambridge Center, Ninth Floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-674-5100
(f): 617-674-5101

Massachusetts Biotechnology Education Foundation (MassBioEd)
One Cambridge Center, 9th floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-674-5100
(f): 617-674-5101

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INDUSTRY

indicates a biomanufacturing facility

AAI/MTRA
Two Vision Drive
Natick, MA 01760
508-650-0085

Abt Associates Clinical Trials AACT
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-868-2228

A/F Protein Inc
935 Main Street
Waltham, MA 02154
781-899-7755
(f): 81-899-8482

A/G Technology Corporation
101 Hampton Avenue
Needham, MA 02194
617-449-5774
800-248-2535
(f): 617-449-5786

Aaston Inc
12 Falmouth Road
Wellesley, MA 02181
617-237-3755
Email: Aaston@aol.com

Abbott Bioresearch Center, Inc
100 Research Dr
Worcester, MA 01605-4314

ABIOMED, Inc
22 Cherry Hill Drive
Danvers, MA 01923
978-646-1488
(f): 978-774-7240

Acambis, Inc
38 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-1339
Vaccines

Acambis, Inc
90 Shawmut Road
Canton, MA 02021
781-828-3194
Vaccines

ActivBiotics
198 Broadway
Cambridge, MA 02139-1902

Acusphere Inc
500 Arsenal Street
Watertown, MA 02472

Aderis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
85 Main Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748

Adnexus Therapeutics
100 Beaver Street
Waltham, MA 02153
781-891-3745

Advanced Cell Technology Inc
One Innovation Drive
Worcester, MA 01605
508-756-1212
(f): 508-756-0931

Advanced Magnetics Inc
61 Mooney Street
Cambridge, MA 10022
617-497-2070
(f): 617 4976927

AdvanDx, Inc.
222 Partridge Lane
Concord, MA 01742

Affymetrix
4 G Crosby Drive
Bedford, MA 01730
781-932-9333

Agencourt Bioscience Corporation
100 Cummings Ctr., Suite 107G
Beverly, MA 01915

Agrenetics
81 Salem Street
Wilmington, MA 01887
978-658-4666
Research and Business Development Company

Alkermes Inc
88 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-0171
(f): 617-494-9263

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
790 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02142
Alpha-Beta Technology Inc
ABTI
One Innovation Drive
Worcester, MA 01605
508-798-6900
(f): 508-754-2579

Alphatech Inc
50 Mall Road
Burlington, MA 01803
781-273-3388

AltaRex Corporation
1601 Trapelo Rd., Ste. 350
Waltham, MA 02451
781-672-0138
Research and development, and the commercialization of immunotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
Altus Biologics Inc
625 Putnam Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-499-0500
(f): 617-499-2480

Amgen, Inc.
One Kendall Sq.
Cambridge, MA 02139

Anadys Pharmaceuticals Inc
610 Lincoln Street
Waltham, MA 02451
781-768-3400

Anika Therapeutics Inc
236 West Cummings Park
Woburn, MA 01801
617-932-6616
(f): 617-935-4120

Anterogen Company Ltd
20 Hampden Street
Roxbury, MA 02119
617-442-7840

Athena Diagnostics, Inc
Four Biotech Park
377 Plantation Street
Worcester, MA 01605
508-756-2886
800-394-4493
(f): 508-753-5601

Antigen Express Inc
100 Barber Avenue
Worcester, MA 01606
508-852-8783
Drug Discovery

Antigenics
3 Forbes Road
Lexington, MA 02421-7305
781-674-4400
(f): 781-674.4200

Aphios Corporation
3-E Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
617-932-6933
(f): 617-932-6865

Applied Biosystems
500 Old Connecticut Path
Framingham, MA 01701
508-383-7700
(f): 508-383-7880
Develops and market advanced products for the purification synthesis and analysis of biomolecules.

Apredica
11 Woodland Street
Belmont, MA 02478
617-812-1911
Provides contract research services for the evaluation and optimization of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Toxicity – (ADME Tox) – and Pharmacokinetic

Archemix Corporation
1 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139

Ares-Serono Group
100 Longwater Circle
Norwood, MA 02061
Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc
26 Landsdowne Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-0400
(f): 617-494-8144

Armstrong Pharmaceuticals, Inc
423 La Grange Street
West Roxbury, MA 02132
617-323-7404
(f): 617-323 6940

ArQule Inc
19 Presidential Way
Woburn, MA 01801-5140
781-395-4100
(f): 781-395-1225

ARS, Inc
398 Libbey Parkway
Weymouth, MA 02189
781-659-9489
339-499-6304
(f): 339-499-6306

Artisan Industries Inc
73 Pond Street
Waltham, MA 02254
617-893-6800
(f): 617-647-0143

Ascent Pharmaceuticals Inc
9 Linnell Circle
Billerica, MA 01821
508-667-6300

Astra Research Center Boston
35 Gate House Drive
Waltham, MA 02451
781-839-4000

AstraZeneca
AstraZeneca Research Center
128 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
(f): 617-576-4668

Associates of Cape Cod
704 Main Street
Falmouth, MA 02540
508-540-3444

Athena Diagnostics Inc
Four Biotech Park,
377 Plantation Street
Worcester, MA 01605
508-756-2886
800-394-4493
(f): 508-753-5601

Aurigene Discovery Technologies, Inc.
Ledgemont Ctr., 99 Hayden Ave.
Bldg. C, Level 200
Lexington, MA 02420
Avant Immunotherapeutics Inc
119 Fourth Avenue
Needham, MA 02494-2725
781-433-0771
(f): 617-433-0262

Avecia Biotechnology, Inc.
155 Fortune Ave.
Milford, MA 01757

Aventis Pharmaceuticals
Cambridge Genomics Center
26 Landsdowne Street
Cambridge, MA 02139

AVEO Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
75 Sidney Street, 4th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139

Averion International Corp
225 Turnpike Road
Southborough, MA 01772
508-597-6000
(f): 508-597-5765
Averion International provides clinical research, and regulatory compliance and validation services to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device/diagnostics industries

BD Biosciences
Two Oak Park
Bedford, MA 01730
781-275-0040
Manufactures and sells biochemical reagents.

BG Medicine, Inc
610 Lincoln Street North
Waltham, MA 02451
781-890-1199
(f): 781-895-1119

Biodynamix, LLC
PO Box 135
Sherborn, MA 01770
508-653-3089

Biogen, Idec
14 Cambridge Center
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-679-2000
(f): 617-679-2617

Biohybrid Technologies
Park Nine West
910 Boston Turnpike Road
Shrewsbury, MA 01545
508-842-4460
(f): 508-842-7535

Biomedical Research Models, Inc
10 New Bond Street
Worcester, MA 01606
508-852-0606
BRM develops, produces, and distributes inbred rodent models of human disease.? BRM is a full service research organization.

bioMerieux, Inc
1022 Hingham Street
Rockland, MA 02370
617-871-4442

Biometics Inc
300 Bear Hill Road
Waltham, MA 02451
617-684-8331
(f): 617-684-8335

Biomodels and Affiliates
277 Linden Street, Ste. 201
Wellesley, MA 02482
781-235-3808
(f): 781-235-3811

Bionaut Pharmaceuticals Inc
61 Moulton St.
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-442-1700

BioPhysics Assay Laboratory, Inc.
80 Webster St
Worcester, MA 01603

BioProcessors
12-A Cabot Road
Woburn, MA 01801
781-935-1400
(f): 781-935-1450

BioPure Corporation
11 Hurley Street
Cambridge, MA 02141
617-234-6500

BioTrove Inc
620 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-551-3400

BioVest International, Inc.
Biotech Building 4
377 Plantation St.
Worcestor, MA 01605

Blue Sky Biotech, Inc.
MBI Innovation Center
Rose Bldg., West Entrance
25 Winthrop St.
Worcester, MA 01604
800-383-7795
A CRO (Contract Research Organization) in the pharmaceutical R&D market space.

Blue Stream Laboratories
10-N Roessler Road
Woburn, MA 01801
781-932-8400
(f): 781-932-8600
Founded to address the growing need for advanced, innovative product characterization and analytical testing, Blue Stream Laboratories provides sound technical expertise and unrivaled customer service.

Boston Biochem Inc
840 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-241-7072
(f): 617-492-3565
Producers of specialized reagents for drug discovery and basic research in the major intra-cellular signaling/degradation pathways.

Boston Biomedica, Inc BBI
375 West Street
W Bridgewater, MA 02379
508-580-1900

Boston Life Sciences, Inc
Reservoir Place
1601 Trapelo Rd
Waltham, MA 02154
617-890-8263
(f): 617-890-8267

Boston Scientific Corporation
1 Boston Scientific Place
Natick, MA 01760
508-650-8000

Brendan Bioscience, LLC
3A Business Way
Hopedale, MA 01747
508-473-8899
(f): 508-473-8838

Bristol Myers Squibb Medical Imaging
331 Treble Cove Road
Billerica, MA 01862
800-299-3431
(f): 978-436-7501

Caliper LifeSciences
68 Elm Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
508-435-9500
(f): 508-435-3439

Cambria Biosciences
8A Henshaw St.
Woburn, MA 01801
781-938-1333
Research and Development

Cambridge Biomedical Research Group
1256 Soldiers Field Road
Brighton, MA 02135
617-787-8998
617-787-8977

Cambridge Nutraceuticals
29 Stanhope Street
Boston, MA 02119
617-695-9553
(f): 617-695-9554

Cantata Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
300 Technology Square, 5th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-225-9009

Capralogics, Inc.
PO Box 356
235 Czeski Rd.
Hardwick, MA 01037
413-477-6866

Cato Research Boston
736 Cambridge Street
Brighton, MA 02135
617-783-9181

CBR Laboratories, Inc
800 Huntington Avenue
Boston, MA 02115
617-731-6470

Cell Essentials, Inc
198 Tremont Street #181
Boston, MA 02116
617-636-2888
Development of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, peptide synthesis and cell culture.

Cell Signaling Technology, Inc
166B Cummings Center, Building 100
Beverly, MA 01915
877-616-CELL
(f): 978-922-7069

Cereon Genomics, LLC
45 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-551-8000
Agricultural genomics company devoted to providing new solutions for agricultural problems and using technology to solve important problems in crop biology.

Cetek Corporation
260 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
508-229-8900
Cetek Corporation has developed a powerful screening technology, based on capillary electrophoresis, that can quickly discover valuable “hits” in synthetic libraries, natural products or combinatorial mixtures.

Charles River Laboratories
251 Ballardvale Street
Wilmington MA 01887
781-222-6000
877-CRIVER-1
(f) 978-988-9236
Charles River provides essential research products and testing services to help customers accelerate the discovery, development through first-in-human evaluation, and safe manufacture of new therapies for patients who need them.

Charm Bioengineering, Inc
36 Franklin Street
Malden, MA 02148
781-322-4885

Chemgenes Corporation
33 Industrial Way
Wilmington, MA 01887
978-694-4500
(f): 978-694-4504

ChemGenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc
One Kendall Square, BLDG 300
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-374-9090

Chemic Laboratories, Inc.
480 Neponset St. Bldg. 7C
Canton, MA 02021

Chiron Diagnostics Corporation
333 Coney Street
East Walpole MA 02032
508-668-5000
(f): 508-660-4591

Clinical Pharmacy Associates
59 Interstate Drive
West Sprinfield, MA 01089
413-737-4200

CNH Technologies, Inc.
10-A Henshaw Street
Woburn, MA 01801
781-933-0362

Cohesive Technologies Inc.
101 Constitution Boulevard
Franklin, MA 02038
508-528-7989
(f): 508-528-8699

Coley Pharmaceutical Group
Wellesley Gateway
93 Worcester Street, Suite 101
Wellesley, MA 02481

Collaborative Research Inc
100 Beaver Street
Waltham, MA 02154
617-487-7979
(f): 617-487-7960

Collagenesis
500 Cummings Center, Suite 464-C
Beverly, MA 01915
800-411-9440
(f): 978-232-9601

CombinatoRx, Inc
650 Albany St.
Boston, MA 02118

CompuCyte Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-492-1300
Develops and markets systems for biochemical analysis of cells and virtually every type of cellular sample, based on the company’s proprietary LSC r Laser Scanning Cytometer.

Confluent Surgical Inc
NEMC Surgical Research, 101 A First Avenue
Wallman, MA 02451
781-693-2300
Medical Devices

Corning Inc
45 Nagog Park
Acton, MA 01720
978-635-2200

Copley Pharmaceutical Inc
25 John Road
Canton, MA 02021
617-821-6111
(f): 617-575-1856

Critical Therapeutics, Inc.
675 Massachusetts Ave.
14th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139

CSS Informatics
84 Sherman Street
Cambridge, MA 02140
800-775-9616
617-868-6878
Expert Pharmaceutical Software & Services for Clinical Data & Drug Safety Systems, including Oracle Clinical, Oracle TMS, Oracle RDC, Oracle AERS, Clintrial, Clintrace, ARISg, Argus Safety, and more.

Cubist Pharmaceuticals Inc
65 Hayden Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421
617-576-1999
(f): 617-576-0232

Curis, Inc
45 Moulton Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-876-0086

Cyagra, Inc.
1 Innovation Dr., Biotech 3
Worcester, MA 01605

Cytogen R&D Inc
89 Bellevue Hill Road
West Roxbury, MA 02132
617-325-7774
(f): 617-327-2405

Cytyc Corporation
85 Swanson Road
Boxborough, MA 01719
978-263-8000
Medical Diagnostics

Decision Resources
1100 Winter Street
Waltham, MA 02451
781-487-3700

Delta Search Labs
400 Technology Sq.
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-551-4609

Diagenics
260-262 West Cummings Pk.
Woburn, MA 01801

Diatech Diagnostics Inc
90 Windom Street, PO Box 860
Allston, MA 02134
617-787-1010
(f): 617-787-0315

Domantis, Ltd.
58 Charles St. Suite 302
Cambridge, MA 02141

DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
25 Upton Drive
Wilmington, MA 01887
978-657-7560

Dyax Corporation
300 Technology Square
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-225-2500
(f): 617-225-2501

Dynogen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
52 Second Ave
Waltham, MA 02451
781-839-5100

EA Bioengineering
46 Joseph Road
Framingham, MA 01701
508-788-9983
(f): 508-788-9983

East Acres Biologicals Inc
P O Box 727
236 Blackmer Road
Southbridge, MA 01550
508-765-9580
(f): 508-765-1288

ECM Pharma
150 Dan Road
Canton, MA 02021
517-575-0775

Eisai Research Institute of Boston, Inc.
1 Corporate Drive
Andover, MA 01810

Elixir Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
One Kendall Sq.
Building 1000, 5th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139

Elucida Research LLC
PO Box 7100
Beverly, MA 01915

EMD Serono, Inc
One Technology Place
Rockland, MA 02370
800-283-8088

ENANTA Pharmaceuticals
500 Arsenal Street
Watertown, MA 02472
617-607-0800

Endogen Inc
30 Commerce Way
Woburn, MA 01801
781-937-0890
800-487-4885
(f): 781-937-0891

EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
480 Arsenal St, Bldg 1
Watertown, MA 02472
617-225-4250

Epic Therapeutics Inc
220 Norwood Park, South
Norwood, MA 02062
617-440-0100
(f): 617-440-0111

EPIX Medical Inc
71 Rogers Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-250-6000
(f): 617-250-6031

ESA Laboratories Inc ESAL
22 Alpha Road
Chelmsford, MA 01824
508-250-7171
800-344-3725
800-959-5095
978-250-7000
(f): 978 250-7090

ETEX Corporation
38 Sidney Street, 3rd Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-577-7270
Research and Development

EXACT Sciences Corporation
100 Campus Drive
Marlborough, MA 01752
508-683-1200
(f): 508-683-1201

Exalpha Biological, Inc
5 Clock Tower Place, Suite 255
Maynard, MA 01754
800-395-1137 978-461-0435
(f): 866-924-5100
(f): 978-461-0436

Feinstein Kean Healthcare
245 First Street, 14th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-577-8100

Formatech, Inc
200 Bulfinch Drive
Andover, MA 01810
877-853-KEYS
(f): 978-970-3435

GelTex Pharmaceuticals, Inc
9 Fourth Ave
Waltham, MA 02154
781-290-5888

Genetic MicroSystems, Inc
34 Commerce Way
Woburn, MA 01801
781-932-9333
(f): 781-932-9433

Genetica Inc
One Kendall Square – Building 600
Cambridge, MA 02139

Genetix Pharmaceuticals, Inc
840 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-491-5601
Pharmaceuticals

Genitrix LLC
160 Second Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-441-8765
Research

Genomic Profiling Systems, Inc
One Oak Park Drive, 2nd Floor
Bedford, MA 01730
781-271-1444
(f): 781-271-9905
Development of genetic marker sets for infectious disease diagnostic testing.

Genomic Technologies, Inc.
12 Walnut Hill Drive
Millis, MA 02054
508-376-2541
(f): 508-376-5319
Genomic Technologies specializes in the development of large scale nucleic acid synthesis apparatus for the pharmaceutical and drug discovery markets.

Genzyme
500 Kendall Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
800-326-7002
(f): 617-252-7500
Corporate Headquarters

Genzyme Biosurgery
55 Cambridge Parkway
Cambridge, MA 02142
Biotherapeutic and biomaterial products

Genzyme Diagnostics
31 New York Avenue
Framingham, MA 01701
800-332-1042
(f): 800-762-6311

Genzyme Genetics
3400 Computer Drive
Westborough, MA 01581
508-898-9001
800-255-7357
(f): 508-389-5549

Genzyme Oncology
55 Cambridge Parkway
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-761-8777
(f): 617-761-8918

Genzyme Protein Manufacturing
500 Soldiers Field Road
Allston, MA 02134
617-562-4500
(f): 617-562-4599

Gigahertz-Optik, Inc
5 Perry Way
Newburyport, MA 01950-4009
978-462-1818
(f): 978-462-3677
We manufacture UV-Vis-NIR radiometers, photometers and integrating spheres.

GLSynthesis, Inc
One Innovation Drive
Worcester, MA 01605
508-845-9484

GMP Genetics Inc
200 Prospect Street
Waltham, MA 02454
781-647-2560

GPC Biotech Inc
610 Lincoln Street
Waltham, MA 02451
617-225-0001

Groundwater Technology Inc
100 River Ridge Drive
Norwood, MA 02062
617-769-7600
(f): 617-769-7992

GTC Biotherapeutics, Inc.
175 Crossing Blvd
Po Box 9322
Framingham, MA 01702-9322

Gwathmey Inc
763 Concord Avenue Bldg E
Cambridge, MA 02138
617 491-0022
Contract Research

GulfStream Bioinformatics
99 Hayden Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421
781-676-7000

HemaSure Inc
140 Locke Road
Marlborough, MA 01752
508-490-9500

Histogenics Corporation
830 Winter Street, 3rd Floor
Waltham, MA 02451
781-547-7900
(f): 781-547-4452

Hyaluron, Inc.
99 S. Bedford Street, Suite 2
Burlington, MA 01803
781-270-7900

Hydra Biosciences, Inc.
790 Memorial Dr.
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-5230
(f): 617-494-5245

Hypnion Inc
381 Plantation Street
Worcester, MA 01605
508-438-2800

Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
60 Hampshire Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-995-9905
Idenix Pharmaceuticals is engaged in the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative treatments for human infectious diseases. Building on the Company’s expertise in medicinal chemistry and clinical development, Idenix is positioning itself to become a leader in the antiviral pharmaceutical market. Idenix has a robust pipeline focusing on agents that will significantly advance the treatment of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS by improving efficacy, safety and tolerability.

IG Laboratories Inc
Integrated Genetics Inc
5 Mountain Road
Framingham, MA 01701
508-872-8400
(f): 508-820-9742

IGG International Inc
International Gene Group
One Kendall Square, Bldg 300
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-621-3133
(f): 617-621-0902

Ilex Oncology
20 Overland Street
Boston, MA 02215
617-262-6899
Contract Research

Imagenetics
31 NY Avenue
Framingham, MA 01701

Immulogic Pharmaceutical Corporation
610 Lincoln Street
Waltham, MA 02154
781-466-6000

Immune Therapeutics
Cambridge MA 02139
701-232-9575

Immunetics Inc
63 Rogers Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-492-5416
(f): 617-868-7879

ImmunoGen Inc
128 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-995-2500

IMPATH-BCP
25 Kenwood Circle, Suite 14A
Franklin, MA 02038
508-520-0588

Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 200
Lexington, MA 02421-7966

Indigene Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
115 Flanders Rd.
Westborough, MA 01581
508-389-1701
(f): 508-389-1709

InfiMed Inc
767 C Concord Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-497-0600
Therapeutics

Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
780 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-453-1000
(f): 617-453-1001

Inotek Corporation
100 Cummings Center, Suite 419E
Beverly, MA 01915
978-232-9600
Biopharmaceuticals

Innovasive Devices
734 Forest Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
508 460-8229

Intercytex Ltd.
175-E New Boston St
Woburn, MA 01801
781-569-0990
(f): 781-569-0166

Interleukin Genetics Inc
135 Beaver Street
Waltham, MA 02452
781-398-0700

Integrated Genetics Inc
51 New York Ave
Framington, MA 01701
617 875-1336

International Biotechnology Labs Inc
MA
617-868-0077
(f): 617-661-6341

International Equipment Company (IEC)
300 Second Avenue
Needam Heights, MA 02494
781-449-8060

Indevus Pharmaceuticals Inc
99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 200
Lexington, MA 02421
781-861-8444
(f): 781-861-3830

IntraImmune Therapies Inc
PO Box 15599
Boston, MA 02215
617-247-5126
Gene therapy and functional genomics company utilizing an antibody-mediated gene delivery technology platform for an array of disease targets.

Invitrogen
111 Locke Drive
Marlborough, MA 01752
508-357-7525
(f): 508-357-7595

IQuum, Inc
700 Nickerson Road
Marlborough, MA 01752
508-970-0099
(f): 508-970-0119
Creation of automated solutions for blood testing and analysis to improve health care on a global basis.

Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc
320 Bent Street
Cambridge, MA 02141
617-621-7722
(f): 617-494-0908
Pharmaceuticals

Johnson Matthey Pharma Services
25 Patton Rd.
Devens, MA 01432
978-784-5000

Keryx Biopharmaceuticals Inc
PMB 318, One Kendall Square, Bldg 600
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-512-6883

KMI/Parexel
200 West Street
Waltham, MA 02451
781-487-9900
(f): 781-768-5512
Validation services.

K O Technology Inc
1 Kendall Square
Cambridge, MA 02142

Koch Membrane Systems Inc
805 Main Street
Wilmington, MA 01887
978-694-7000

Latham Laboratories Inc
Worcester Biotechnology Park
Worcester, MA 01605

Lex Company
178 Lincoln Street
Worcester, MA 01605

Lexigen Pharmaceuticals
45A Middlesex Turnpike
Billerica, MA, 01821
978-294-1100
(f): 978-294-1101
Pharmaceuticals

Lion Bioscience
141 Portland Street 10th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-245-5400

Lonza Biologics, Inc
97 South Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
508-497-0700
(f): 508-497-0777
Biopharmaceuticals

Lonza Hopkinton, Inc
97 South Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
508-497-0700
(f): 508-497-0777
Biopharmaceuticals

MacroChem Corporation
110 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421

Marine Biological Laboratory
7 MBL St.
Woods Hole, MA 02543
508-548-3705

Marine Polymer Technologies
159 Lorum Street
Tewksbury, MA 01876
978-640-6926
Manufacturers of the Rapid Deployment Hemostat (RDH)

MassResearch, LLC
42 Weston Street
Waltham, MA 02453
781-647-7200
781-894-7568
(f): 781-894-1101

Mass Micro Laboratories, Inc.
c/o MBI Innovation Center
25 Winthrop Street, West Entrance
Worcester, MA 01604
508-752-0858
Provides non-clinical microbiology testing services to a variety of industries.

Matritech Inc
330 Nevada Street
Newton, MA 02460
617-928-0820
(f): 617-928 0821

MBL International Corporation
15B Constitution Way
Woburn, MA 01801
800-200-5459
(f): 781-939-6963

Medical & Technical Research Associates Inc
110 Cedar
Wellesley, MA 02181

Meiogen Biotechnology Corporation
100 Cummings Center, Suite 431A
Beverly, MA 01915
978-927-0878
(f): 978-927-0878

Mercury Therapeutics, Inc.
2 Gill Street, Suite E
Woburn, MA 01801
781-932-1125
(f): 781-932-8140

Meristem Therapeutics, LLC
210 Broadway St., Ste. 100
Cambridge, MA 02139

Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
One Kendall Square
Building 700, 2nd Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-441-1000
(f): 617-491-1386

Metabolix Inc
303 Third Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-492-0500
Development of environmentally friendly plastics.

Metasyn Inc
71 Rogers Street
Cambridge, MA 02142

MGI PHARMA Biologics
44 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421
781-274-6500
(f): 781-274-0839
Pharmaceuticals

MICROBIA Inc
320 Bent st.
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-456-3600
Drug Discovery

Microbiotix Inc
One Innovation Drive
Worcester, MA 01605
508-757-2800
Drug Discovery

MicroCHIPS, Inc.
6B Preston Court
Bedford, MA 01730
781-275-1445

MicroTest Laboratories Inc
104 Gold Street, PO Box 848
Agawam, MA 01001
800-631-1680

Middlesex Sciences
100 Foxborough Boulevard
Suite 220
Foxborough, MA 02035
508-543-0010
(f): 508-543-0383

Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc
40 Landsdown St
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-679-7000
(f): 617-225-0884

Millipore Corporation
80 Ashby Road
Bedford, MA 01730
781-275-9200

Minerva Biotechnologies Corporation
6th Flr Rosenstiel Bldg
415 South St
Waltham, MA 02454
781-736-2421
Development of novel biosensors.

MJ Research Inc
590 Lincoln Street
Waltham, MA 02451
888-729-2165

Modular Genetics, Inc.
65 Cummings Park
Woburn, MA 01801

MOLDYN Inc
955 Massachusetts Avenue, 5th Flr
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-354-3124

Molecular Geodesics
20 Hampden Street
Boston, MA 02119
617-427-0300
Research and Development

Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
160 Second Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-492-5554
Biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of novel agents for use in diagnostic imaging.

Molecular Stimulations Inc
16 New England Executive Park
Burlington, MA 01803
617-229-9800
(f): 617-229-9899

Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
675 West Kendall St
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-491-9700

Mosaic Technologies Inc
1106 Commonwealth Avenue
Boston, MA 02115
617-232-7636
Research and Development

Mouse Specifics, Inc.
28 State St. – Suite 1112
Boston, MA 02109
617-573-5020

Myco Pharmaceuticals Inc
1 Kendall Square
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-934-8849

MyoGenics Inc
One Kendall Square, Bldg 200
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-374-1470

Nanosys, Inc.
200 Boston Ave. Suite 4700
Medford, MA 02155

Nantero, Inc.
25-D Olympia Ave.
Woburn, MA 01801

Natural Pharmaceuticals Inc
One Kendall Square, Bldg 700
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-577-9224
Pharmaceuticals

NemaPharm Inc
26 Landsdowne Street, Suite 470
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-8701

NEN Life Science Products
549 Albany Street
Boston, MA 02118
617-482-9595
Biochemicals

Neuromedica Inc
99 Erie Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-492-9200
(f): 617-492-9201

New England BioLabs Inc
32 Tozer Road
Beverly, MA 01915
978-927-5054
(f): 978-921-1350

New England Peptide Inc
65 Zub Lane
Gardner, MA 01440
888-343-5974
Pharmaceutical Research

New England Pharmaceuticals Inc
28 Main Street
Brockton, MA 02401
508-238-6910

New World Laboratories
MBI Innovation Center
25 Winthrop Street
Worcester, MA 01604
New World Laboratories’ primary focus is in the area of regenerative medicine. Research focuses on the use of the subject’s own cells for regenerating tissue both in vitro and in vivo.

NISSIN Molecular Biology
20 Overland
Boston, MA 02111

NitroMed Inc
125 Spring St
Lexington, MA 02421
781-266-4000

Nova Biomedical
200 Prospect
Waltham, MA 02154

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
400 Technology Square, 7th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139

NUCRYST Pharmaceuticals Corp.
50 Audubon Rd. Suite B
Wakefield, MA 01880
781-224-1444

NuGenesis Technologies Corporation
1900 West Park Drive
Westborough, MA 01581
508-616-9876

Omega PharmServices, Inc.
113 Cedar St. Suite S-6
Milford, MA 01757
508-482-9330

OmniGene Bioproducts Inc
763 D Concord Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-576-1966

Oncogene Science Products
80 Rogers Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-492-7289
Diagnostics

Oncolab Inc
36 The Fenway
Boston, MA 02215
617-536-0850
(f): 617-536-0657

One Cell Systems, Inc.
100 Inman Street, Suite 200
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-868-2399

Ontogeny Inc
45 Moulton Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-876-0086
(f):617-876-0866

Opta Food Ingredients Inc
25 Wiggins Avenue
Bedford, MA 01730
781-276-5100

OraVax Inc (Acambis)
38 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-1339
(f):617-494-1741

Organix Inc
240 Salem Street
Woburn, MA 01801
781-932-4142
(f):781-933-6695

Organogenesis Inc
150 Dan Road
Canton, MA 02021
781-401-1099

Oscient Pharmaceuticals
100 Beaver Street, Suite 2200
Waltham, MA 02451
781-398-2300

OsteoArthritis Sciences Inc
1 Kendall Square, Building 200
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-252-6886
(f):617-252-9096

Owl Scientific Inc
10 Commerce Way
Woburn, MA 01801
617-935-9499
(f):617-935-8499

OXiGENE Inc
One Copley Place, Suite 602
Boston, MA 02116
(f):617-536-4700

Panacos Pharmacuticals
134 Coolidge Avenue
Watertown, MA 02472
617-926-1551
(f): 617-923-2245

Panel Intelligence, LLC
150 Cambridgepark Dr., 7th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02140
617 532 5700
(f)61-532-799

Parallel Solutions, Inc.
763 D Concord Ave
Cambridge, MA 02138

Paratek Pharmaceuticals Inc
75 Kneeland Street
Boston, MA 02111
617-636-2161
Pharmaceuticals

Pavonis Inc
155 King Street
Cohasset, MA 02025
781-383-2212
Development stage genomics company focused on gene discovery and pathway elucidation for complex human traits.

Perbio Science
30 Commerce Way
Woburn, MA 01801
781 225-0055

Peptimmune, Inc.
64 Sidney St., Ste. 380
Cambridge, MA 02139

Periodontix Inc
313 Pleasant Street, 4th Floor
Watertown, MA 02472
617-926-1980
Periodontal disease products

PerkinElmer Life Sciences
549 Albany St.
Boston, MA 02118
800-726-4000

PerSeptive Biosystems Inc
38 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139

Pfizer Inc
620 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-551-3000
Research and Discovery

Pharmaceutical Peptides Inc
77 Massachusette Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-8400
(f): 617-494-8496

Pharmadyne Inc
108 Bay State Road
Boston, MA 02215
617-353-7631
(f): 617-353-6141

PharmaMar USA Inc.
320 Putnam Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-868-3797

PHT Corporation
500 Rutherford Avenue
Charlestown, MA 02129
617-973-1600

Phylonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
100 Inman St.
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-441-6700

Phylos, Inc
128 Spring Street
Lexington, MA 02421
781-862-6400

Phytera Inc
377 Plantation Street
Worcester, MA 01605
508 792-6800
(f): 508 792-1339

Pintex Pharmaceuticals Inc
313 Pleasant St.
Watertown, MA 02472
617 924-920

Plant Pharmaceuticals Inc
One Innovation Drive
Worcester, MA 01605

Point Therapeutics Inc
-Formerly Immune Therapeutics Inc
125 Summer St
Boston, MA 02110
617-636-0680
(f): 617-636-0675

Whatman-Polyfiltronics
136 Weymouth Street
Rockland, MA 02370
781-878-1133
(f): 781-878-0822

PPD Informatics
84 Sherman Street
Cambridge, MA 02140
617-868-6878

Praecis Pharmaceuticals Inc
One Hampshire Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-494-8400
Pharmaceuticals

Predix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
10K Gill St.
Woburn, MA 01801
781-376-0821

Prime organics Inc
450 Chelmsford Street
Lowell, MA 01851
978-970-1074
Chemical Manufacturer

Pro-Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
189 Wells Ave.
Newton, MA 02459
617-559-0033

Procept Inc
840 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-491-1100

ProScript Inc
38 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-374-1470

Protein Forest, Inc.
480 Arsenal St
Watertown, MA 02472
617-926-4778

Proteome Systems
14 Gill Street, Suite H
Woburn, MA 01801
781-932-9477

pSivida, Limited
313 Pleasant Street
Watertown, MA 02472

Psychemedics Corporation
1280 Massachusetts Avenue
Suite 200
Cambridge, MA 12138
617-868-7455

Pyrosequencing Inc
2200 West Park Drive, Suite 320
Westborough, MA 01581
508-389-9911

QCB/Biosource International
3 Avenue D
Hopkinton, MA 01748
508-435-2080
Manufacturer of custom peptides and antibodies.

Rapid Micro Biosystems, Inc
One Oak Park Drive, 2nd Floor
Bedford, MA 01730
781-271-1444
(f): 781-271-9905

RepliGen Corporation
41 Seyon St.
Bldg. 1 Suite 100
Waltham, MA 02453
781-250-0111
(f): 781-250-0115

RSP Amino Acid Analogues Inc
87 Squannacook Road
Shirley, MA 01464
978-448-3911
(f): 978-448-2914

SBH Science Inc
4A Strathmore Road
Natick, MA 01760
508-650-6200
Development of cell-based bioassays and efficient cell culture processes for the production of recombinant cytokines and monoclonal antibodies

Schafer Corporation
321 Billerica Road
Chelmsford, MA 02113
978-256-2070
Devices and Techniques and Clinical Research

SelectX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
44 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421
781-274-9037
(f): 781-274-7096
Bio-medicinal drug discovery and development of natural product-like compounds

Sepracor Inc
84 Waterford Dr
Marlborough, MA 01752
508-481-6700
A research-based pharmaceutical company

SeraCare Diagnostics
25 Birch Street
Milford, MA 01757
508-478-5510
800-282-7879
(f): 508-473-9701

Serono Laboratories
One Technology Place
Rockland, MA 02370
781-681-2552
(f): 781-681-2912

Shire Human Genetic Therapies
700 Main Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-349-0200
(f): 617-613-4004
Biopharmaceutical company focused on developing products for the treatment of rare diseases

Sigma-Aldrich
1 Strathmore Road
Natick, MA 01760
508-651-8151
Biochemicals

Sontra Medical Inc
10 Forge Parkway
Franklin, MA 02038
508-553-8850
Diagnostics

Sphinx Pharmaceuticals a Divi. of Eli Lilly
840 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-354-8050
(f): 617-354-4043

Stryker Biotech
35 South Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
508-416-5200
Surgical and Medical Products

Surface Logix Inc
50 Soldiers Field Place, 2nd Floor
Brighton, MA 02135
617-783-8866
Materials Science and Microfabrication

Symbollon Corporation
37 Loring Drive
Framingham, MA 01702
508-620-7676
(f): 508-620-7111

Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp.
45 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421
781-274-8200
Focused on developing novel drugs for the treatment of cancer and immune disorders.

Syntonix Pharmaceuticals Inc
9 Fourth Avenue
Waltham, MA 02451
781-547-6000
Therapeutics

T Cell Sciences Inc
119 4th Avenue
Needham, MA 02194
617-433-0771
(f): 617-433-0262

Tandem Labs-New England
35R Cabot Road
Woburn, MA 01801
781-933-2769 x 123
(f): 781-933-6808

Technical Innovation Center, Inc.
100 Barber Avenue
Worcester, MA 01606
508-799-6700
Providing TRIZ training, consulting and publishing services. TIC founder and president Lev Shulyak was the first person to teach TRIZ in the United States. TIC specializes in providing an array of comprehensive TRIZ training programs, solution packages and publications

TEI Biosciences, Inc.
7 Elkins Street
South Boston, MA 02127
617-268-1616
A biomedical company that develops and manufactures medical devices and biopharmaceutical agents to repair or replace tissues and organs of the body that have failed due to aging, injury or disease.

TGA Sciences Inc
47 Hall Street
Medford, MA 02155
781-393-6910

The GI Company
1661 Worcester Rd. – Suite 204
Framingham, MA 01701

The Medicines Company
One Cambridge Center
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-225-9099
Pharmaceuticals

Therascope, Inc.
790 Memorial Dr. Ste. 101
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-577-0011

Thrasos, Inc.
95 Sawyer Rd. – Suite 130
Waltham, MA 02453
781-891-8888

Tolerx, Inc
300 Technology Square, 4th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-354-8100

Total Compliance Solutions, Inc.
27 Mica Lane, Ste 208
Wellesley MA 02481
781-237-9700

Toxikon Corporation
15 Wiggins Avenue
Bedford, MA 01730
781-275-3330
Contract Research and Testing

TransForm Pharmaceuticals Inc
29 Hartwell Ave
Lexington, MA 02421
781-674-8000
Pharmaceuticals

Transport Pharmaceuticals, Inc
161 Worcester Road, Suite 402
Framingham, MA 01701
508-872-0433
(f): 508-872-0922

TranXenoGen, Inc.
800 Boston Turnpike
Shrewsbury, MA 01545
508-936-4200
Specializing in avian transgenics for the production of high volume therapeutic proteins.

Trine Pharmaceuticals
78 Fourth Ave
Waltham, MA 24510
781-647-5554

United States Biological
PO Box 261
Swampscott, MA 01907
800-520-3011

U.S. Genomics Inc
6 H Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
781-937-5550
Genetic Information

Unither Pharmaceuticals/Oncology
15 Walnut St. Ste. 300
Wellesley, MA 02481
781-235-7412
(f): 781-235-7241

Versal Technologies Inc
1505 Commonwealth Avenue, Suite 310
Boston, MA 02135
617-787-9400

Verax Biomedical Incorporated
4 Biotech
377 Plantation Street
Worcester, MA 01605
508-755-7029

Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
130 Waverly Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-577-6000
(f): 617-577-6645

Viacord Inc
131 Clarendon Street
Boston, MA 02116
617-266-3953
Medical Service Company

VICAM L.P.
313 Pleasant Street
Watertown, MA 02472
617-926-7045
Develops and manufactures rapid microbiological testing systems for the food and feed industry

VisEn Medical
2 Gill Street, Suites E & F
Woburn, MA 01801
781-932-6875
Molecular imaging

Welgen, Inc.
25 Winthrop Street
Worcester, MA 01604
888-493-5436
Welgen offers an improved technology to simplify and accelerate the construction of adenoviral vectors, which offer many advantages to investigators who study gene expression or gene silencing in mammalian systems.

Wyeth BioPharma
One Burtt Road
Andover, MA 01810
978-475-9214

Wyeth Research
35 Cambridge Park Drive
Cambridge, MA 02140
617-876-1170
(f): 617-876-8847

Xanthus Life Sciences, Inc.
300 Technology Square
Cambridge, MA 02139
617-225-0522

Xerion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
1 Broadway, Ste. 600
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-621-7123

XTL Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.
1 Broadway St. Suite 600
Cambridge, MA 02142
617-621-1570

ZymeQuest Inc
100 Cummings Center, Suite 436H
Beverly, MA 01915
978-232-8370
Discovery, development and commercialization of enzymatic blood conversion products for use in blood transfusion medicine

Northeast region member states:
Connecticut || Delaware || Maine || Maryland || Massachusetts || New Hampshire || New Jersey || New York || Pennsylvania || Rhode Island || Vermont || Washington DC

TOP

Source: Generex Biotechnology Corp.

Generex Biotechnology Awarded New Drug Delivery Patent

Company Expands Australian Patent Portfolio

WORCESTER, Mass., Oct. 27, 2008 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Generex Biotechnology Corporation (Nasdaq:GNBT) (http://www.generex.com), the leader in drug delivery for metabolic diseases through the inner lining of the mouth, announced today that it has received a new patent in Australia.

The Australian Patent Office has granted the Company a patent titled Micellar Pharmaceutical Compositions for Buccal and Pulmonary Application. The patent contains formulation and method claims to a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a macromolecular pharmaceutical agent in mixed micellar form, and metered dose device containing said formulation, for buccal administration.

“We are pleased to include this latest patent to our expanding portfolio,” said Rose Perri, the Company’s Chief Operating Officer. “While we continue to move forward with the regulatory process in major markets, we continue to work on patent submissions for other jurisdictions.”

Generex currently holds an aggregate of 128 patents worldwide (21 of which are United States Patents) and has an aggregate of 134 patent applications pending in various jurisdictions.

About Generex Biotechnology Corporation

Generex is engaged in the research, development and commercialization of drug delivery systems and technologies. Generex has developed a proprietary platform technology for the delivery of drugs into the human body through the oral cavity (with no deposit in the lungs). The Company’s proprietary liquid formulations allow drugs typically administered by injection to be absorbed into the body by the lining of the inner mouth using the Company’s proprietary RapidMist device. The Company’s flagship product, oral insulin (Generex Oral-lyn), which is available for sale in Ecuador and approved for sale in India for the treatment of subjects with Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes, is in Phase III clinical trials at several sites around the world. For more information, visit the Generex website at http://www.generex.com.

The Generex Biotechnology Corp. logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=3831

Safe Harbor Statement

This release and oral statements made from time to time by Generex representatives in respect of the same subject matter may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements can be identified by introductory words such as “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “believes,” “will,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “projects,” or words of similar meaning, and by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements frequently are used in discussing potential product applications, potential collaborations, product development activities, clinical studies, regulatory submissions and approvals, and similar operating matters. Many factors may cause actual results to differ from forward-looking statements, including inaccurate assumptions and a broad variety of risks and uncertainties, some of which are known and others of which are not. Known risks and uncertainties include those identified from time to time in the reports filed by Generex with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which should be considered together with any forward-looking statement. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future results or events, and one should avoid placing undue reliance on such statements. Generex undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Generex cannot be sure when or if it will be permitted by regulatory agencies to undertake additional clinical trials or to commence any particular phase of clinical trials. Because of this, statements regarding the expected timing of clinical trials cannot be regarded as actual predictions of when Generex will obtain regulatory approval for any “phase” of clinical trials. Generex claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements that is contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act.

CONTACT: CEOcast, Inc.
         Gary Nash
         212-732-4300

         American Capital Ventures, Inc.
         Howard Gostfrand
         1-877-918-0774

Biotechnology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Insulin crystals Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. The United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as:

Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for
specific use.

Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century, however the term encompasses a wider range and history of
procedures for modifying biological organisms according to the needs of humanity, going back to the initial modifications of native plants into
improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are
based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling
them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Before 1971, the term, biotechnology, was primarily used in the food processing and agriculture industries. Since the 1970s, it began to be used by
the Western scientific establishment to refer to laboratory-based techniques being developed in biological research, such as recombinant DNA or
tissue culture-based processes, or horizontal gene transfer in living plants, using vectors such as the Agrobacterium bacteria to transfer DNA into a
host organism. In fact, the term should be used in a much broader sense to describe the whole range of methods, both ancient and modern, used to
manipulate organic materials to reach the demands of food production. So the term could be defined as, “The application of indigenous and/or
scientific knowledge to the management of (parts of) microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so that these supply goods and
services of use to the food industry and its consumers.

Biotechnology combines disciplines like genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology and cell biology, which are in turn linked to practical
disciplines like chemical engineering, information technology, and robotics. Patho-biotechnology describes the exploitation of pathogens or pathogen
derived compounds for beneficial effect.

History

Brewing was an early application of biotechnologyMain article: History of Biotechnology The most practical use of biotechnology, which is still
present today, is the cultivation of plants to produce food suitable to humans. Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of
producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. The processes and methods of agriculture have been refined by other mechanical and biological sciences
since its inception. Through early biotechnology, farmers were able to select the best suited and highest-yield crops to produce enough food to
support a growing population. Other uses of biotechnology were required as crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain.
Specific organisms and organism by-products were used to fertilize, restore nitrogen, and control pests. Throughout the use of agriculture farmers
have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants–one of the
first forms of biotechnology. Cultures such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Pakistan developed the process of brewing beer. It is still done by
the same basic method of using malted grains (containing enzymes) to convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce
beer. In this process the carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol. Ancient Indians also used the juices of the
plant Ephedra Vulgaris and used to call it Soma. Later other cultures produced the process of Lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation
and preservation of other forms of food. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of
fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur’s work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into
another form.

Combinations of plants and other organisms were used as medications in many early civilizations. Since as early as 200 BC, people began to use
disabled or minute amounts of infectious agents to immunize themselves against infections. These and similar processes have been refined in modern
medicine and have led to many developments such as antibiotics, vaccines, and other methods of fighting sickness.

In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In
1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium
acetobutylicum to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I.

The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely begun on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically-
modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty. Indian-born Ananda Chakrabarty, working for General Electric, had
developed a bacterium (derived from the Pseudomonas genus) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills.

Revenue in the industry is expected to grow by 12.9% in 2008. Another factor influencing the biotechnology sector’s success is improved intellectual
property rights legislation — and enforcement — worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products to cope with an
ageing, and ailing, U.S. population .

Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could
reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly
increase its supply of corn and soybeans — the main inputs into biofuels — by developing genetically-modified seeds which are resistant to pests
and drought. By boosting farm productivity, biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met.

Applications Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non
food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses.

For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and
milk products). Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle,
treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons.

A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology, for example:

Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of
genetic cures through genomic manipulation.

A rose plant that began as cells grown in a tissue cultureGreen biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be
the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific
environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more
environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide,
thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products
such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. White biotechnology, also known as industrial
biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another
example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White
biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. Blue biotechnology is a term that has
been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. The investments and economic output of
all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy. Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which
addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible. The field
may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, “conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics
techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale.”[7] Bioinformatics plays a key role in
various areas, such as functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical
sector.

Medicine In medicine, modern biotechnology finds promising applications in such areas as

pharmacogenomics; drug production; genetic testing; and gene therapy.

Pharmacogenomics

DNA Microarray chip — Some can do as many as a million blood tests at onceMain article: Pharmacogenomics Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the
genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body’s response to drugs. It is a coined word derived from the words pharmacology and
genomics. It is hence the study of the relationship between pharmaceuticals and genetics. The vision of pharmacogenomics is to be able to design
and produce drugs that are adapted to each person’s genetic makeup.[8]

Pharmacogenomics results in the following benefits:[8]

1. Development of tailor-made medicines. Using pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical companies can create drugs based on the proteins, enzymes and RNA
molecules that are associated with specific genes and diseases. These tailor-made drugs promise not only to maximize therapeutic effects but also to
decrease damage to nearby healthy cells.

2. More accurate methods of determining appropriate drug dosages. Knowing a patient’s genetics will enable doctors to determine how well his/ her
body can process and metabolize a medicine. This will maximize the value of the medicine and decrease the likelihood of overdose.

3. Improvements in the drug discovery and approval process. The discovery of potential therapies will be made easier using genome targets. Genes have
been associated with numerous diseases and disorders. With modern biotechnology, these genes can be used as targets for the development of effective
new therapies, which could significantly shorten the drug discovery process.

4. Better vaccines. Safer vaccines can be designed and produced by organisms transformed by means of genetic engineering. These vaccines will elicit
the immune response without the attendant risks of infection. They will be inexpensive, stable, easy to store, and capable of being engineered to
carry several strains of pathogen at once.

Pharmaceutical products

Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold symmetry, the zinc ions holding it together, and the histidine residues
involved in zinc binding.Most traditional pharmaceutical drugs are relatively simple molecules that have been found primarily through trial and error
to treat the symptoms of a disease or illness. Biopharmaceuticals are large biological molecules known as proteins and these usually target the
underlying mechanisms and pathways of a malady (but not always, as is the case with using insulin to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus, as that
treatment merely addresses the symptoms of the disease, not the underlying cause which is autoimmunity); it is a relatively young industry. They can
deal with targets in humans that may not be accessible with traditional medicines. A patient typically is dosed with a small molecule via a tablet
while a large molecule is typically injected.

Small molecules are manufactured by chemistry but larger molecules are created by living cells such as those found in the human body: for example,
bacteria cells, yeast cells, animal or plant cells.

Modern biotechnology is often associated with the use of genetically altered microorganisms such as E. coli or yeast for the production of substances
like synthetic insulin or antibiotics. It can also refer to transgenic animals or transgenic plants, such as Bt corn. Genetically altered mammalian
cells, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, are also used to manufacture certain pharmaceuticals. Another promising new biotechnology
application is the development of plant-made pharmaceuticals.

Biotechnology is also commonly associated with landmark breakthroughs in new medical therapies to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cancers, arthritis,
haemophilia, bone fractures, multiple sclerosis, and cardiovascular disorders. The biotechnology industry has also been instrumental in developing
molecular diagnostic devices than can be used to define the target patient population for a given biopharmaceutical. Herceptin, for example, was the
first drug approved for use with a matching diagnostic test and is used to treat breast cancer in women whose cancer cells express the protein HER2.

Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were
medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 Genentech developed synthetic humanized insulin by joining its gene with a
plasmid vector inserted into the bacterium Escherichia coli. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the
pancreas of abattoir animals (cattle and/or pigs). The resulting genetically engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of
synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost[9], although the cost savings was used to increase profits for manufacturers, not passed on to
consumers or their healthcare providers. According to a 2003 study undertaken by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) on the access to and
availability of insulin in its member countries, synthetic ‘human’ insulin is considerably more expensive in most countries where both synthetic
‘human’ and animal insulin are commercially available: e.g. within European countries the average price of synthetic ‘human’ insulin was twice as
high as the price of pork insulin[10]. Yet in its position statement, the IDF writes that “there is no overwhelming evidence to prefer one species of
insulin over another” and “[modern, highly-purified] animal insulins remain a perfectly acceptable alternative[11].

Modern biotechnology has evolved, making it possible to produce more easily and relatively cheaply human growth hormone, clotting factors for
hemophiliacs, fertility drugs, erythropoietin and other drugs.[12] Most drugs today are based on about 500 molecular targets. Genomic knowledge of
the genes involved in diseases, disease pathways, and drug-response sites are expected to lead to the discovery of thousands more new targets.[12]

Genetic testing

Gel electrophoresisGenetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. A scientist scans a patient’s DNA sample for mutated
sequences.

There are two major types of gene tests. In the first type, a researcher may design short pieces of DNA (probes) whose sequences are complementary
to the mutated sequences. These probes will seek their complement among the base pairs of an individual’s genome. If the mutated sequence is present
in the patient’s genome, the probe will bind to it and flag the mutation. In the second type, a researcher may conduct the gene test by comparing the
sequence of DNA bases in a patient’s gene to disease in healthy individuals or their progeny.

Genetic testing is now used for:

Determining sex Carrier screening, or the identification of unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two
copies for the disease to manifest Prenatal diagnostic screening Newborn screening Presymptomatic testing for predicting adult-onset disorders
Presymptomatic testing for estimating the risk of developing adult-onset cancers Confirmational diagnosis of symptomatic individuals
Forensic/identity testing Some genetic tests are already available, although most of them are used in developed countries. The tests currently
available can detect mutations associated with rare genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease. Recently,
tests have been developed to detect mutation for a handful of more complex conditions such as breast, ovarian, and colon cancers. However, gene tests
may not detect every mutation associated with a particular condition because many are as yet undiscovered, and the ones they do detect may present
different risks to different people and populations.[12]

Controversial questions

The bacterium E. coli is routinely genetically engineered.Several issues have been raised regarding the use of genetic testing:

1. Absence of cure. There is still a lack of effective treatment or preventive measures for many diseases and conditions now being diagnosed or
predicted using gene tests. Thus, revealing information about risk of a future disease that has no existing cure presents an ethical dilemma for
medical practitioners.

2. Ownership and control of genetic information. Who will own and control genetic information, or information about genes, gene products, or
inherited characteristics derived from an individual or a group of people like indigenous communities? At the macro level, there is a possibility of
a genetic divide, with developing countries that do not have access to medical applications of biotechnology being deprived of benefits accruing from
products derived from genes obtained from their own people. Moreover, genetic information can pose a risk for minority population groups as it can
lead to group stigmatization.

At the individual level, the absence of privacy and anti-discrimination legal protections in most countries can lead to discrimination in employment
or insurance or other misuse of personal genetic information. This raises questions such as whether genetic privacy is different from medical
privacy.[13]

3. Reproductive issues. These include the use of genetic information in reproductive decision-making and the possibility of genetically altering
reproductive cells that may be passed on to future generations. For example, germline therapy forever changes the genetic make-up of an individual’s
descendants. Thus, any error in technology or judgment may have far-reaching consequences. Ethical issues like designer babies and human cloning have
also given rise to controversies between and among scientists and bioethicists, especially in the light of past abuses with eugenics.

4. Clinical issues. These center on the capabilities and limitations of doctors and other health-service providers, people identified with genetic
conditions, and the general public in dealing with genetic information.

5. Effects on social institutions. Genetic tests reveal information about individuals and their families. Thus, test results can affect the dynamics
within social institutions, particularly the family.

6. Conceptual and philosophical implications regarding human responsibility, free will vis-à-vis genetic determinism, and the concepts of health and
disease.

Gene therapy Main article: Gene therapy

Gene therapy using an Adenovirus vector. A new gene is inserted into an adenovirus vector, which is used to introduce the modified DNA into a human
cell. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make a functional protein.Gene therapy may be used for treating, or even curing, genetic and
acquired diseases like cancer and AIDS by using normal genes to supplement or replace defective genes or to bolster a normal function such as
immunity. It can be used to target somatic (i.e., body) or germ (i.e., egg and sperm) cells. In somatic gene therapy, the genome of the recipient is
changed, but this change is not passed along to the next generation. In contrast, in germline gene therapy, the egg and sperm cells of the parents
are changed for the purpose of passing on the changes to their offspring.

There are basically two ways of implementing a gene therapy treatment:

1. Ex vivo, which means outside the body Cells from the patient’s blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the laboratory. They are then
exposed to a virus carrying the desired gene. The virus enters the cells, and the desired gene becomes part of the DNA of the cells. The cells are
allowed to grow in the laboratory before being returned to the patient by injection into a vein.

2. In vivo, which means inside the body No cells are removed from the patient’s body. Instead, vectors are used to deliver the desired gene to
cells in the patient’s body.

Currently, the use of gene therapy is limited. Somatic gene therapy is primarily at the experimental stage. Germline therapy is the subject of much
discussion but it is not being actively investigated in larger animals and human beings.

As of June 2001, more than 500 clinical gene-therapy trials involving about 3,500 patients have been identified worldwide. Around 78% of these are in
the United States, with Europe having 18%. These trials focus on various types of cancer, although other multigenic diseases are being studied as
well. Recently, two children born with severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) were reported to have been cured after being given
genetically engineered cells.

Gene therapy faces many obstacles before it can become a practical approach for treating disease.[14] At least four of these obstacles are as
follows:

1. Gene delivery tools. Genes are inserted into the body using gene carriers called vectors. The most common vectors now are viruses, which have
evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists manipulate the genome of the virus by
removing the disease-causing genes and inserting the therapeutic genes. However, while viruses are effective, they can introduce problems like
toxicity, immune and inflammatory responses, and gene control and targeting issues.

2. Limited knowledge of the functions of genes. Scientists currently know the functions of only a few genes. Hence, gene therapy can address only
some genes that cause a particular disease. Worse, it is not known exactly whether genes have more than one function, which creates uncertainty as to
whether replacing such genes is indeed desirable.

3. Multigene disorders and effect of environment. Most genetic disorders involve more than one gene. Moreover, most diseases involve the interaction
of several genes and the environment. For example, many people with cancer not only inherit the disease gene for the disorder, but may have also
failed to inherit specific tumor suppressor genes. Diet, exercise, smoking and other environmental factors may have also contributed to their
disease.

4. High costs. Since gene therapy is relatively new and at an experimental stage, it is an expensive treatment to undertake. This explains why
current studies are focused on illnesses commonly found in developed countries, where more people can afford to pay for treatment. It may take
decades before developing countries can take advantage of this technology.

Human Genome Project

DNA Replication image from the Human Genome Project (HGP)The Human Genome Project is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that aims
to generate a high-quality reference sequence for the entire human genome and identify all the human genes.

The DOE and its predecessor agencies were assigned by the U.S. Congress to develop new energy resources and technologies and to pursue a deeper
understanding of potential health and environmental risks posed by their production and use. In 1986, the DOE announced its Human Genome Initiative.
Shortly thereafter, the DOE and National Institutes of Health developed a plan for a joint Human Genome Project (HGP), which officially began in
1990.

The HGP was originally planned to last 15 years. However, rapid technological advances and worldwide participation accelerated the completion date to
2003 (making it a 13 year project). Already it has enabled gene hunters to pinpoint genes associated with more than 30 disorders.[15]

Cloning Cloning involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been
deactivated or removed.

There are two types of cloning:

1. Reproductive cloning. After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into a fetus that is genetically
identical to the donor of the original nucleus.

2. Therapeutic cloning.[16] The egg is placed into a Petri dish where it develops into embryonic stem cells, which have shown potentials for treating
several ailments.[17]

In February 1997, cloning became the focus of media attention when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute announced the successful
cloning of a sheep, named Dolly, from the mammary glands of an adult female. The cloning of Dolly made it apparent to many that the techniques used
to produce her could someday be used to clone human beings.[18] This stirred a lot of controversy because of its ethical implications.

Agriculture

Improve yield from crops Using the techniques of modern biotechnology, one or two genes may be transferred to a highly developed crop variety to
impart a new character that would increase its yield (30). However, while increases in crop yield are the most obvious applications of modern
biotechnology in agriculture, it is also the most difficult one. Current genetic engineering techniques work best for effects that are controlled by
a single gene. Many of the genetic characteristics associated with yield (e.g., enhanced growth) are controlled by a large number of genes, each of
which has a minimal effect on the overall yield (31). There is, therefore, much scientific work to be done in this area.

Reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses Crops containing genes that will enable them to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses may
be developed. For example, drought and excessively salty soil are two important limiting factors in crop productivity. Biotechnologists are studying
plants that can cope with these extreme conditions in the hope of finding the genes that enable them to do so and eventually transferring these genes
to the more desirable crops. One of the latest developments is the identification of a plant gene, At-DBF2, from thale cress, a tiny weed that is
often used for plant research because it is very easy to grow and its genetic code is well mapped out. When this gene was inserted into tomato and
tobacco cells (see RNA interference), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than
ordinary cells. If these preliminary results prove successful in larger trials, then At-DBF2 genes can help in engineering crops that can better
withstand harsh environments (32). Researchers have also created transgenic rice plants that are resistant to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). In
Africa, this virus destroys majority of the rice crops and makes the surviving plants more susceptible to fungal infections (33).

Increased nutritional qualities of food crops Proteins in foods may be modified to increase their nutritional qualities. Proteins in legumes and
cereals may be transformed to provide the amino acids needed by human beings for a balanced diet (34). A good example is the work of Professors Ingo
Potrykus and Peter Beyer on the so-called Goldenrice(discussed below).

Improved taste, texture or appearance of food Modern biotechnology can be used to slow down the process of spoilage so that fruit can ripen longer
on the plant and then be transported to the consumer with a still reasonable shelf life. This improves the taste, texture and appearance of the
fruit. More importantly, it could expand the market for farmers in developing countries due to the reduction in spoilage.

The first genetically modified food product was a tomato which was transformed to delay its ripening (35). Researchers in Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam are currently working on delayed-ripening papaya in collaboration with the University of Nottingham and Zeneca
(36).

Biotechnology in cheese production[19]: enzymes produced by micro-organisms provide an alternative to animal rennet a cheese coagulant – and an
alternative supply for cheese makers. This also eliminates possible public concerns with animal-derived material, although there is currently no
plans to develop synthetic milk, thus making this argument less compelling. Enzymes offer an animal-friendly alternative to animal rennet. While
providing comparable quality, they are theoretically also less expensive.

About 85 million tons of wheat flour is used every year to bake bread[20]. By adding an enzyme called maltogenic amylase to the flour, bread stays
fresher longer. Assuming that 10-15% of bread is thrown away, if it could just stay fresh another 5 to 7 days then 2 million tons of flour per year
would be saved. That corresponds to 40% of the bread consumed in a country such as the USA. This means more bread becomes available with no increase
in input. In combination with other enzymes, bread can also be made bigger, more appetizing and better in a range of ways.

Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals Most of the current commercial applications of modern biotechnology in
agriculture are on reducing the dependence of farmers on agrochemicals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces a
protein with insecticidal qualities. Traditionally, a fermentation process has been used to produce an insecticidal spray from these bacteria. In
this form, the Bt toxin occurs as an inactive protoxin, which requires digestion by an insect to be effective. There are several Bt toxins and each
one is specific to certain target insects. Crop plants have now been engineered to contain and express the genes for Bt toxin, which they produce in
its active form. When a susceptible insect ingests the transgenic crop cultivar expressing the Bt protein, it stops feeding and soon thereafter dies
as a result of the Bt toxin binding to its gut wall. Bt corn is now commercially available in a number of countries to control corn borer (a
lepidopteran insect), which is otherwise controlled by spraying (a more difficult process).

Crops have also been genetically engineered to acquire tolerance to broad-spectrum herbicide. The lack of cost-effective herbicides with broad-
spectrum activity and no crop injury was a consistent limitation in crop weed management. Multiple applications of numerous herbicides were routinely
used to control a wide range of weed species detrimental to agronomic crops. Weed management tended to rely on preemergence that is, herbicide
applications were sprayed in response to expected weed infestations rather than in response to actual weeds present. Mechanical cultivation and hand
weeding were often necessary to control weeds not controlled by herbicide applications. The introduction of herbicide tolerant crops has the
potential of reducing the number of herbicide active ingredients used for weed management, reducing the number of herbicide applications made during
a season, and increasing yield due to improved weed management and less crop injury. Transgenic crops that express tolerance to glyphosate,
glufosinate and bromoxynil have been developed. These herbicides can now be sprayed on transgenic crops without inflicting damage on the crops while
killing nearby weeds (37).

From 1996 to 2001, herbicide tolerance was the most dominant trait introduced to commercially available transgenic crops, followed by insect
resistance. In 2001, herbicide tolerance deployed in soybean, corn and cotton accounted for 77% of the 626,000 square kilometres planted to
transgenic crops; Bt crops accounted for 15%; and “stacked genes” for herbicide tolerance and insect resistance used in both cotton and corn
accounted for 8% (38).

Production of novel substances in crop plants Biotechnology is being applied for novel uses other than food. For example, oilseed can be modified to
produce fatty acids for detergents, substitute fuels and petrochemicals.[citation needed] Potatos, tomatos, rice, tobacco, lettuce, safflowers, and
other plants have been genetically-engineered to produce insulin[citation needed] and certain vaccines. If future clinical trials prove successful,
the advantages of edible vaccines would be enormous, especially for developing countries. The transgenic plants may be grown locally and cheaply.
Homegrown vaccines would also avoid logistical and economic problems posed by having to transport traditional preparations over long distances and
keeping them cold while in transit. And since they are edible, they will not need syringes, which are not only an additional expense in the
traditional vaccine preparations but also a source of infections if contaminated.[21] In the case of insulin grown in transgenic plants, it is well-
established that the gastrointestinal system breaks the protein down therefore this could not currently be administered as an edible protein.
However, it might be produced at significantly lower cost than insulin produced in costly, bioreactors. For example, Calgary, Canada-based SemBioSys
Genetics, Inc. reports that its safflower-produced insulin will reduce unit costs by over 25% or more and reduce the capital costs associated with
building a commercial-scale insulin manufacturing facility by approximately over $100 million compared to traditional biomanufacturing
facilities[22].

Criticism There is another side to the agricultural biotechnology issue however. It includes increased herbicide usage and resultant herbicide
resistance, “super weeds,” residues on and in food crops, genetic contamination of non-GM crops which hurt organic and conventional farmers, damage
to wildlife from glyphosate, etc.[23][24]

Biological engineering Main article: Bioengineering Biotechnological engineering or biological engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses
on biotechnologies and biological science. It includes different disciplines such as biochemical engineering, biomedical engineering, bio-process
engineering, biosystem engineering and so on. Because of the novelty of the field, the definition of a bioengineer is still undefined. However, in
general it is an integrated approach of fundamental biological sciences and traditional engineering principles.

Bioengineers are often employed to scale up bio processes from the laboratory scale to the manufacturing scale. Moreover, as with most engineers,
they often deal with management, economic and legal issues. Since patents and regulation (e.g. FDA regulation in the U.S.) are very important issues
for biotech enterprises, bioengineers are often required to have knowledge related to these issues.

The increasing number of biotech enterprises is likely to create a need for bioengineers in the years to come. Many universities throughout the world
are now providing programs in bioengineering and biotechnology (as independent programs or specialty programs within more established engineering
fields).

Bioremediation and Biodegradation Main article: Microbial biodegradation Biotechnology is being used to engineer and adapt organisms especially
microorganisms in an effort to find sustainable ways to clean up contaminated environments. The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and wastes
from the environment is an absolute requirement to promote a sustainable development of our society with low environmental impact. Biological
processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and biotechnology is taking advantage of the astonishing catabolic versatility of
microorganisms to degrade/convert such compounds. New methodological breakthroughs in sequencing, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and imaging
are producing vast amounts of information. In the field of Environmental Microbiology, genome-based global studies open a new era providing
unprecedented in silico views of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as clues to the evolution of degradation pathways and to the molecular
adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions. Functional genomic and metagenomic approaches are increasing our understanding of the
relative importance of different pathways and regulatory networks to carbon flux in particular environments and for particular compounds and they
will certainly accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes.[25]

Marine environments are especially vulnerable since oil spills of coastal regions and the open sea are poorly containable and mitigation is
difficult. In addition to pollution through human activities, millions of tons of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural
seepages.

Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading
activities of microbial communities, in particular by a remarkable recently discovered group of specialists, the so-called hydrocarbonoclastic
bacteria (HCB).[26]